[63] They watched the unfolding of the French Revolution with shared enthusiasm. In this manner, a solution that is reached in principle in the account of "true infinity" in the Science of Logic's chapter on "Quality" is repeated in new guises at later stages, all the way to "Spirit" and "ethical life" in the third volume of the Encyclopedia. Il reçut, en cadeau de son précepteur, les drames de Shakespeare alors qu’il avait seulement 8 ans. ), all the pure concepts of the understanding are immanently contained within the most abstract concept; the entire tree of the concepts of the pure understanding unfolds from a single concept the way a tree grows from a seed. The result of this argument is that finite and infinite—particular and universal, nature and freedom—do not face one another as independent realities, but instead the latter, in each case, is the self-transcending of the former. (Hegel has been seen in the twentieth century as the originator of the thesis, antithesis, synthesis triad,[34] but as an explicit phrase it originated with Johann Gottlieb Fichte. Hegel's own career suffered from the fame of his father. He is considered one of the fundamental figures of modern Western philosophy, with his influence extending to the entire range of contemporary philosophical issues, from aesthetics to ontology to politics, both in the analytic and continental tradition. This mind comprehends all of these phases and sub-parts as steps in its own process of comprehension. With the possible exception of the study of inference, what was called "logic" in nineteenth-century Europe (and so Hegel's Logic) bears little resemblance to what logicians study today. According to Benedetto Croce, the Italian Fascist Giovanni Gentile "holds the honor of having been the most rigorous neo-Hegelian in the entire history of Western philosophy and the dishonor of having been the official philosopher of Fascism in Italy". A partir de 1803, Hegel s’éloigne progressivement des idées de Schelling et délaisse petit à petit la critique de la religion pour se tourner vers la critique de la politique. [99] In this work, civil society (Hegel used the term "bürgerliche Gesellschaft" though it is now referred to as Zivilgesellschaft in German to emphasize a more inclusive community) was a stage in the dialectical relationship between Hegel's perceived opposites, the macro-community of the state and the micro-community of the family. Criticism of Hegel has been widespread in the 19th and the 20th centuries. [73] Although Napoleon chose not to close down Jena as he had other universities, the city was devastated and students deserted it in droves, making Hegel's financial prospects even worse. Hegel's remaining two sons—Karl, who became a historian; and Immanuel [de], who followed a theological path—lived long and safeguarded their father's manuscripts and letters, and produced editions of his works. Quand plus tard, ce dernier lui propose d’enseigner au lycée de Nuremberg, il accepte de suite. When he entered the Latin School two years later, he already knew the first declension, having been taught it by his mother. p. 100, In the 1870s and 1880s, Rev. [122]:203 In his political philosophy, he criticized Karl Ludwig von Haller's reactionary work, which claimed that laws were not necessary. Hegel's influence was immense in philosophy and other sciences. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegels Vorlesungen über die Naturphilosophie als der Encyclopädie der philosophischen Wissenschaften im Grundrisse zweiter Theil by Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel Sa propre carrière souffre de la renommée de son père. [149] This concept of Hegel as a hermetic thinker was elaborated by Glenn Alexander Magee,[150] who argued that interpreting Hegel's body of work as an expression of mysticism and hermetic ideas leads to a more accurate understanding of Hegel. [59][77] His last words are said to have been, "There was only one man who ever understood me, and even he didn't understand me. The structure of Hegel's Logic appears to exhibit self-similarity, with sub-sections, in their treatment of more specific subject matter, resembling the treatment of the whole. In 1776, he entered Stuttgart's gymnasium illustre and during his adolescence read voraciously, copying lengthy extracts in his diary. Retrouvez Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. p. 1. The precise nature of the procedural self-concretization that drives Hegel's Logic is still the subject of controversy. Hegel's contemporary Schopenhauer was particularly critical and wrote of Hegel's philosophy as "a pseudo-philosophy paralyzing all mental powers, stifling all real thinking". [84] Others, such as Hans-Georg Gadamer, believe that Hegel's course in the Logic is determined primarily by the associations of ordinary words in the German language. [135] American neoconservative political theorist Francis Fukuyama's controversial book The End of History and the Last Man (1992) was heavily influenced by Kojève. [80], The Science of Logic (which the latter Hegel considered central to his philosophy) can be considered a notable contribution to the research program of category metaphysics in its post-Kantian form, taking up the project that Kant suggested is necessary but did not himself pursue: "to take note of and, as far as possible, completely catalog" the derivative concepts of the pure understanding and "completely illustrate its family tree. He formulated an early philosophical example of a disenchantment narrative, arguing that Judaism was responsible both for realizing the existence of Geist and, by extension, for separating nature from ideas of spiritual and magical forces and challenging polytheism. extraits, La Différence entre les systèmes philosophiques de Fichte et de Schelling, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Bernard Gilson, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Von Schelling, Vrin. In 1801, Hegel came to Jena at the encouragement of his old friend Schelling, who held the position of Extraordinary Professor at the University of Jena. According to Hegel, Heraclitus's "obscurity" comes from his being a true (in Hegel's terms "speculative") philosopher who grasped the ultimate philosophical truth and therefore expressed himself in a way that goes beyond the abstract and limited nature of common sense and is difficult to grasp by those who operate within common sense. "[40], Hegel's work has been considered the "completion of philosophy"[41][42][43] by multiple of the most influential thinkers in existentialism, post-structuralism, and twentieth-century theology. While Aristotle criticized Plato's "Forms", he preserved Plato's ontological implications for self-determination: ethical reasoning, the soul's pinnacle in the hierarchy of nature, the order of the cosmos and reasoned arguments for a prime mover. "[81], So how are the categories derived? the Reign of Terror that followed) and would result in a "synthesis" (e.g. A l’âge de 18 ans, Hegel entre au séminaire de Tübingen pour poursuivre ses études universitaires. [60] Hegel had a sister, Christiane Luise (1773–1832); and a brother, Georg Ludwig (1776–1812), who perished as an officer during Napoleon's 1812 Russian campaign. In Britain, the Hegelian British idealism school (members of which included Francis Herbert Bradley, Bernard Bosanquet and in the United States Josiah Royce) was challenged and rejected by analytic philosophers Moore and Russell. However, Hegel interprets not-A as not existing at all, not nothing at all, which cannot be conceived, but an indeterminate or "pure" being without particularity or specificity. Le jeune Hegel a fait sa première scolarité au Gymnasium de Stuttgart. The essential nature of being-for-itself is that it is free "in itself;" it does not depend on anything else for its being. Un vol. This eternity of Spirit in itself means that Spirit is, to begin with, potential; but the next standpoint implies that Spirit ought to be what it is in its essential and complete nature, in-and-for-itself. ; 1984; 'The Significance of Hegel's separation of the state and civil society' pp1-13 in Pelczynski, A.Z. [94] In his Phenomenology of Spirit and his Science of Logic, Hegel's concern with Kantian topics such as freedom and morality and with their ontological implications is pervasive. Il était un élève modèle et intelligent. Although the violence of the 1793 Reign of Terror dampened Hegel's hopes, he continued to identify with the moderate Girondin faction and never lost his commitment to the principles of 1789, which he expressed by drinking a toast to the storming of the Bastille every fourteenth of July.[64]. Søren Kierkegaard Concluding Unscientific Postscriptt. [117], Spirit is immortal; it is eternal; and it is immortal and eternal in virtue of the fact that it is infinite, that it has no such spatial finitude as we associate with the body; when we speak of it being five feet in height, two feet in breadth and thickness, that it is not the Now of time, that the content of its knowledge does not consist of these countless midges, that its volition and freedom have not to do with the infinite mass of existing obstacles, nor of the aims and activities which such resisting obstacles and hindrances have to encounter. This contradiction leads to the dissolution of the thing or idea in the simple form in which it presented to a higher-level, more complex thing or idea that more adequately incorporates the contradiction. Il est décédé le 14 novembre 1831 à Berlin. Marheineke ... et al. [97], "Mind" and "Spirit" are the common English translations of Hegel's use of the German "Geist", which combines the meaning of spirit—as in god, ghost, or mind—with an intentional force. Some of Hegel's writing was intended for those with advanced knowledge of philosophy, although his Encyclopedia was intended as a textbook in a university course. Modern philosophy, culture and society seemed to Hegel fraught with contradictions and tensions, such as those between the subject and object of knowledge, mind and nature, self and Other, freedom and authority, knowledge and faith, or the Enlightenment and Romanticism. The terminology was largely developed earlier by Fichte. After the period of Bruno Bauer, Hegel's influence waned until the philosophy of British Idealism and the 20th-century Hegelian Western Marxism that began with György Lukács. [132] Believing that the traditional description of Hegel's philosophy in terms of thesis–antithesis–synthesis was mistaken, a few scholars like Raya Dunayevskaya have attempted to discard the triadic approach. ); 1984; "[T]he task that touches the interest of philosophy most nearly at the present moment: to put God back at the peak of philosophy, absolutely prior to all else as the one and only ground of everything." [129] No Hegelians of the period ever referred to themselves as "Right Hegelians", which was a term of insult originated by David Strauss, a self-styled Left Hegelian. For Hegel, analysis or comprehension of a thing or idea reveals that underneath its apparently simple identity or unity is an underlying inner contradiction. I (1817-1825). Hegel was deeply disturbed by the riots for reform in Berlin in that year. In other words, it is not enough to consider propositions, or even the content of consciousness; "it is worthwhile to ask in every instance what kind of spirit would entertain such propositions, hold such views, and have such a consciousness. He was the son of the philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, who died in 1831, when Karl Hegel was 18 years old. [101] In fact, Hegel's distinctions as to what he meant by civil society are often unclear. [133], In the last half of the 20th century, Hegel's philosophy underwent a major renaissance. Hegel further attests that God (as Jesus) not only died, but "[...] rather, a reversal takes place: God, that is to say, maintains himself in the process, and the latter is only the death of death. Those without this background would be advised to begin with one of the many general introductions to his thought. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, (born August 27, 1770, Stuttgart, Württemberg [Germany]—died November 14, 1831, Berlin), German philosopher who developed a dialectical scheme that emphasized the progress of history and of ideas from thesis to antithesis and thence to a synthesis. Hegel preserved this essential Platonic and Kantian concern in the form of infinity going beyond the finite (a process that Hegel in fact related to "freedom" and the "ought"),[95]:133–136, 138 the universal going beyond the particular (in the Concept) and Spirit going beyond Nature. [104] One to which he attributes great significance is the fragment he translates as "Being is not more than Non-being", which he interprets to mean the following: Sein und Nichts sei dasselbeBeing and non-being are the same. Because every concept is a composite of contraries (value is black and white, temperature is hot and cold, etc. [59]:223 Hegel attempted to enlist the help of the poet and translator Johann Heinrich Voß to obtain a post at the renascent University of Heidelberg, but he failed. "[55][56] Heidegger in various places further stated Hegel's thinking to be "the most powerful thinking of modern times. His philosophy of spirit conceptually integrates psychology, the state, history, art, religion and philosophy. For his god, Hegel does not take the logos of Heraclitus but refers to the nous of Anaxagoras, although he may well have regarded them the same as he continues to refer to god's plan, which is identical to God. Achetez et téléchargez ebook Werke von Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (German Edition): Boutique Kindle - Littérature : Amazon.fr [146] Popper also makes the claim in the second volume of The Open Society and Its Enemies (1945) that Hegel's system formed a thinly veiled justification for the absolute rule of Frederick William III and that Hegel's idea of the ultimate goal of history was to reach a state approximating that of 1830s Prussia. Author's preface to "On The Fourfold Root of the Principle of sufficient reason. Hegel enseigne la philosophie sous la forme d'un système de tous les savoirs suivant une logique dialectique. Indeed, "logic" in the field of nineteenth-century continental philosophy takes on a range of meanings from "metaphysics" to "theory of science," from "critical epistemology" to "first philosophy." To this list, one could add Proclus, Meister Eckhart, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Plotinus, Jakob Böhme, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Hambourg, Felix Meiner, 1990. Kant spoke of Entstehen (coming-to-be) and Vergehen (ceasing-to-be), the same two terms that Hegel used to refer to the two compositional elements of Werden (becoming). This period saw the publication of his second major work, the Science of Logic (Wissenschaft der Logik; 3 vols., 1812, 1813 and 1816), and the birth of his two legitimate sons, Karl Friedrich Wilhelm (1813–1901) and Immanuel Thomas Christian (1814–1891). the French Revolution) would cause the creation of its "antithesis" (e.g. A l’âge de 18 ans, Hegel entre au séminaire de Tübingen pour poursuivre ses études universitaires. Hegel was putting the finishing touches to it, The Phenomenology of Spirit, as Napoleon engaged Prussian troops on 14 October 1806 in the Battle of Jena on a plateau outside the city. Kritisches Journal der Philosophie 1802/1803. Hegel studerede teologi og filosofi i Tübingen mellem 1788 og 1793.Rygterne om den franske revolution nåede Tübingen i 1789. Throughout the 19th century, many chairs of philosophy around Europe were held by Hegelians and Søren Kierkegaard, Ludwig Feuerbach, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels—among many others—were deeply influenced by, but also strongly opposed to many of Hegel's central philosophical themes. And although the Logic's table of contents minimally resembles Kant's table of categories, the four headings of Kant's table (quantity, quality, relation, and modality) do not play, in Hegel's dialectic, the organizational role that Kant had in mind for them, and Hegel ultimately faulted Kant for copying the table of judgments from the "modern compendiums of logic" whose subject matter is, Hegel said, in need of "total reconstruction. von Friedrich Hogemann und Christoph Jamme. [148], Voegelin argued that Hegel should be understood not as a philosopher, but as a "sorcerer", i.e. 1, Die objektive Logik. Noté /5. [65] In 1799, he wrote another essay entitled "The Spirit of Christianity and Its Fate",[66] unpublished during his lifetime. )[35][a], Hegel has influenced many thinkers and writers whose own positions vary widely. Voegelin, Eric (1972). "Why did Hegel not become for the Protestant world something similar to what Thomas Aquinas was for Roman Catholicism?" ‎4 Werke von Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel Deutscher Philosoph (1770-1831) Dieser Band enthält eine Sammlung von 4 Werken von Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. En 1790, il obtient sa maîtrise en philosophie. For example: Parmenides took pure being to be the absolute; Gorgias replaced it with pure nothing; Heraclitus replaced both being and nothing with becoming (which is a unity of two contraries: coming-to-be and ceasing-to-be). Just as humans continually correct their concept of reality through a dialectical process, God becomes more fully manifested through the dialectical process of becoming. Noté /5: Achetez Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel's Werke: Vollstandige Ausgrabe Durch Einen Verein Von Freunden Des Vere Wigten: D. PH. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, histoire et biographie de Hegel, Biographie Pierre-augustin caron de beaumarchais, les citations de Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Au paradis terrestre, le serpent se fait tentateur auprès, Pierre-Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais, histoire et biographie de De Beaumarchais, Morgan Sportès, histoire et biographie de Sportès, Décès de Christophe, retour sur sa vie et ses succès. For Hegel, the inner movement of reality is the process of God thinking as manifested in the evolution of the universe of nature and thought; Hegel argued that, when fully understood, reality is being thought by God as manifested in a person's comprehension of this process. [105] Pure being and pure non-being or nothingness are, for Hegel, abstractions from the reality of becoming and this is also how he interprets Heraclitus. En 1808, son père est recteur du gymnasium (lycée) de Nuremberg (aujourd'hui Melanchton -Gymnasium). A 10 ans, son père lui apprend l’astronomie et la géométrie. [59]:4, At the age of three, Hegel went to the German School. Le système est présenté comme une « phénoménologie de l'esprit » puis comme une « encyclopédie de…